Fig. 2
Effects of R1-MVs on H2O2-induced HaCaT cell damage. A Cytotoxicity of R1-MVs (1, 5, 10, 30, 50 and 100 μg/mL) on HaCaT cells analyzed using MTT assay. B The cells were exposed to H2O2 (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μM) for 12 h, and the cell viability was assessed using MTT assay to assess the cytotoxicity and optimal dose of H2O2. C HaCaT cells were pretreated with different concentrations of R1-MVs (1, 5, 10, and 30 μg/mL) for 12 h before exposure to H2O2 (0.3 mM) for 12 h, and the cell viability was measured using MTT assay to assess the cytotoxicity and optimal dose of R1-MVs. D HaCaT cells were stained with TUNEL and examined using a 20 × fluorescence microscope to assess inhibition of cell death by R1-MVs. Scale bar: 50 μm. The fluorescence quantitative analysis using Image J software. The data show the mean ± SD (n = 4 samples) of three representative experiments. ##p < 0.01 or ###p < 0.001 vs. control group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, or ***p < 0.001 vs. H2O2-treated group