Table 2 ELISA and the serological diagnosis of CCHFV
Method type | Detection Target (segment) | Comparison with reference | Characteristics | REF |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandwich ELISA (sELISA) | Nucleoprotein (NP) | RT-PCR | High sensitivity and specificity, identification of CCHFV virus in people, ticks, and culture supernatant, large-scale sample screening in resource-constrained settings | [118] |
Recombinant ELISA (Rec-ELISA) | Recombinant NP / Mucin-like variable domain (rNP/rMLD) | RT-PCR | High sensitivity and specificity | [126] |
Indirect ELISA (iELISA) | (rNP) | In-house iELISA and VectoCrimea CHF IgG ELISA kit | Sensitivity, specificity, repeatable in diverse sets of situations, safe, stable, and scalable | [127] |
Competitive ELISA (cELISA) | rNP | Sera from CCHFV-endemic locations was previously described using an adapted commercial ELISA. | Large-scale screening, test species independently, high sensitivity and specificity | [128] |
Double-antigen sandwich ELISA (DA- ELISA) | NP | Species-adapted VectorBest ELISA and Euroimmun IFA | Highly sensitive and specific, testing several different species at the same time, minimizing the false-positive | [129] |
Immune complex (IC) ELISA and µ-capture ELISA | NP | IgM/IgG indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) testing in-house and commercially accessible IgM/IgG ELISA assays | Sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use are all advantages of producing viral antigens in high quantities in E. coli without needing a cost-effective eukaryotic expression system or native virus rearing. | [130] |