Table 4 Established canine models of tendon defect
Tendon(s) | Types of model | Defect procedure | Repair procedure | Timepoints | Objective(s) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infraspinatus tendon | Acute | Unilateral detachment | Modified Mason-Allen technique | Week 0, 6 3, 6 months | Effect of using human acellular dermal matrix grafting [64]. | Advantages:  1. Adequately models muscle atrophy, fatty accumulation, and other degenerative changes.  2. Tolerates various postoperative rehabilitation programs.  3. Produce joint loads to the rotator cuff that are comparable in magnitude to those experienced by humans.  4. Larger size facilitates surgical procedures. Disadvantages:  1. Low anatomical similarity to humans.  2. Intrinsic physiological changes introduce confounding variables.  3. Logistically and economically challenging to carry out large-scale studies. |
Simple sutures Modified Mason-Allen technique Krakow technique | Week 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 | Applicability of the canine rotator cuff acute full-thickness injury model [65]. | ||||
Unilateral full-thickness detachment | Mason-Allen technique | Week 6 | Engineered tendon-fibrocartilage-bone composite (TFBC) and mesenchymal stem cell sheet for augmentation using NWB model [66]. | |||
Bilateral sharp detachment | Mason-Allen technique | Week 12 | Augmentation with a newly designed poly-L-lactide repair device [67]. | |||
Sharp transection | Not specified | Week 6 | Non-weight-bearing model with radial neurectomy for research [68]. | |||
Chronic | Unilateral detachment + PRECLUDE wrap | Not specified | Week 12 | Chronic injury model to explore the dynamic performance, muscle volume, and fat infiltration of infraspinatus muscles [69]. | ||
Unilateral transection + 3 weeks delayed repair | Suture-bridge technique | Week 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 | Comparison of a bone-tendon allograft technique with a human dermis derived patch for reconstructing chronic large rotator cuff defects [70]. | |||
Bilateral transection + 4 weeks delayed repair | Mattress technique Suture-bridge technique Simple interrupted suture technique | Week 12 | Effects of the interposition of demineralized cancellous bone matrix sponge hydrated in platelet-rich plasma on tendon-to-bone healing [71]. | |||
Supraspinatus tendon | Acute | Bilateral half-thickness resection | Simple suture | 3, 6 months | Augmentation of partial rotator cuff tears of different biologic scaffolds [72]. |